Imagine having a lively little companion that can mimic your emotions and keep you entertained for hours-this is the allure of owning a pet monkey. However, before you dive into this unique journey, it’s crucial to understand the essential steps and requirements involved. Monkeys are not only social and intelligent creatures, but they also demand a high level of care and commitment. Making an informed decision can help ensure that both you and your future pet thrive in harmony. In this guide, we’ll explore everything from the legal considerations and necessary habitat setups to the behavioral needs of these fascinating animals. If you’ve ever wondered what it takes to responsibly welcome a monkey into your home, read on for some valuable insights that could make all the difference!
How to Choose the Right Monkey Species for You
Selecting the right monkey species for your home is a fascinating yet challenging decision, as these remarkable primates each come with unique traits, temperaments, and needs. For example, did you know that *Capuchin monkeys* are renowned for their intelligence and ability to learn complex tasks? This makes them engaging companions, but also means they require consistent mental stimulation and social interaction to thrive. Alternatively, *Marmosets* are smaller and often preferred by first-time owners because they tend to be less demanding in space and care. However, they still require specific attention to their behavioral and social needs.
When considering which species aligns best with your lifestyle, take into account several key factors:
- Size: The size of the monkey can greatly impact your living arrangements. A larger monkey, like a *Squirrel monkey*, demands more space and enrichment than a smaller species.
- Social Needs: Monkeys are inherently social beings. Some, like *Spider monkeys*, thrive only in pairs or groups, while others might do well on their own if given enough attention from their human caregivers.
- Dietary Requirements: Different species have varying dietary needs. For instance, larger monkeys might require a more diverse and protein-rich diet compared to their smaller counterparts.
- Life Span: Be mindful of the commitment involved. Species like *Macaws*, which can live for decades, require a long-term commitment in care and companionship.
- Temperament: Some monkeys, such as *Tamarin monkeys*, are known for their friendly nature, while others might be more territorial or demanding.
Before diving into the exciting world of monkey ownership, it’s crucial to research the specific species you’re interested in. Observing them in sanctuaries or joining communities of monkey enthusiasts can offer invaluable insights into their personalities and care requirements. Remember, a well-informed choice not only leads to a fulfilling relationship with your new pet monkey but also ensures their well-being and happiness in your home.
Legal Considerations: Licensing and Regulations
When considering adding a monkey to your home, understanding the legal landscape is crucial. The laws governing pet monkeys can vary significantly depending on your location, often influenced by both state and local regulations. For instance, while some states allow specific species as pets, others outright ban them, irrespective of the owner’s intent. The first step for prospective monkey owners is to check whether their state permits owning monkeys and if so, what specific permits or licenses are required.
Many regions require owners to obtain a special wildlife permit, which may necessitate demonstrating adequate knowledge about monkey care and habitat needs. Moreover, some laws are species-specific, meaning that even if one type of monkey is allowed, another may not be. For example, larger primates, known for their strength and social complexity, often have stricter regulations compared to smaller ones like Marmosets. It’s wise to consult local wildlife agencies or legal resources to ensure compliance and avoid potential legal issues.
Along with state regulations, federal laws can also apply. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service regulates the import and export of primates, and certain species may be protected under the Endangered Species Act. Thus, before acquiring a monkey, it’s essential to verify that no such restrictions apply to your chosen breed. Acquiring a monkey from a legal and ethical source is imperative, as individuals trading illegally can face serious penalties and contribute to wildlife trafficking.
In summary, informing yourself about the legal requirements and restrictions can make the difference between responsible ownership and running into legal trouble. By being proactive and thorough in your research, not only do you ensure your future pet’s well-being, but you also contribute to conservation efforts, advocating for a more ethical approach to primate ownership.
Essential Supplies for Your New Pet Monkey
Acquiring a pet monkey is an exciting journey filled with unique responsibilities and joys. As you prepare to welcome your new primate friend, gathering the right supplies is critical to ensure their comfort, health, and happiness. A well-equipped environment not only meets their basic needs but also supports their active and curious nature. Here’s a comprehensive overview of essential supplies you should consider.
Habitat Essentials
Creating an appropriate living space for your monkey is paramount. Most pet monkeys need a spacious cage with multiple levels, perches, and climbing structures to mimic their natural environment. Look for cages that are at least 6 feet tall and provide enough width and depth to enable exploration and play. Interior features such as hammocks, ropes, and platforms can be added for enrichment. Make sure the materials are safe and non-toxic, as monkeys are known to chew on objects.
In addition to the cage, a safe, enclosed area where your monkey can roam freely under supervision is essential. This space can be furnished with soft mats, toys, and foraging opportunities that encourage mental stimulation. Keep in mind that monkeys are incredibly intelligent and require constant engagement, so a variety of interactive toys is a must.
Feeding Supplies
A balanced diet is vital for your monkey’s health, which means you’ll need specific feeding supplies. Invest in high-quality monkey chow or pellets formulated for your monkey’s species, along with fresh fruits and vegetables. It’s helpful to have a set of food dishes-preferably made of stainless steel or ceramic-to avoid any chemical leaching from plastics.
A good supply of clean drinking water is crucial. Consider a water bottle with an sipper tube to prevent spills, as monkeys can be quite messy when it comes to drinking. Remember to change the water daily and keep your supplies clean and hygienic to prevent illness.
Health and Hygiene
To maintain your monkey’s health, stock up on essential veterinary supplies, including a first aid kit tailored to your pet. You’ll need items like antiseptic wipes, bandages, and any specific medications your vet recommends. Regular grooming supplies, such as flea treatments, nail clippers, and brushes, are also important to keep your monkey comfortable and healthy.
You should also create a routine for cleaning their living space. Ensure that you have appropriate cleaning supplies-non-toxic cleansers and disinfectants-for daily maintenance of their habitat to prevent disease.
Toys and Enrichment
Lastly, don’t forget the fun part! Monkeys love to play, and having a variety of toys is crucial for their mental and physical well-being. Choose toys that challenge their intellect, such as puzzles and treat dispensers. Additionally, items like ropes, balls, and mirrors can provide entertainment and stimulation.
As you gather your supplies, remember that the goal is to create a safe, engaging, and enriching environment for your new pet monkey. With the right preparations, you’ll support their natural instincts and provide a fulfilling life as a companion.
Understanding Monkey Behavior and Social Needs
is essential for anyone considering a pet monkey. These fascinating creatures are deeply social animals, thriving in dynamic group structures in the wild. For example, capuchins, which are popular as pets, develop complex relationships within their troops, relying on social bonds for grooming, communication, and play. This intricate social life means that when kept in isolation, pet monkeys can suffer from loneliness and boredom-a condition known as “zoochosis.”
Monkeys are not just furry companions; they are intelligent beings with emotional needs that reflect their natural behaviors. To ensure your pet monkey leads a happy and fulfilling life, it’s crucial to recognize and facilitate its innate social needs. If you choose to keep a single monkey, consider arranging regular playdates with other monkeys or ensuring it gets plenty of social interaction with humans. Moreover, the level of socialization can vary by species; for instance, social species like macaques flourish with companionship, while others, like marmosets, may require more nuanced interaction depending on their upbringing and individual personality.
To cater to their needs, structure their environment to provide mental stimulation and opportunities for social engagement. Interactive toys that require problem-solving, as well as foraging opportunities, can help keep a monkey’s mind sharp and engaged. Here are some enriching activities you can incorporate into their daily routine:
- Playtime: Schedule regular sessions where your monkey can explore and play with toys or engage with you.
- Grooming: Spend time grooming your monkey; this mimics natural bonding behaviors.
- Social Interaction: Introduce your monkey to new people and, when possible, other monkeys to help develop its social skills.
By providing a stimulating and socially rich environment, you ensure that your monkey’s complex emotional and social needs are met, leading to a healthier and happier lifespan. Remember, the joy of having a monkey as a pet comes not just from companionship but from understanding and respecting its unique nature. Engaging with your pet in ways that honor its wild instincts will create a rewarding relationship for both you and your primate companion.
Setting Up a Safe and Enriching Habitat
Creating a comfortable and stimulating habitat for your pet monkey is essential to its well-being and happiness. Monkeys are incredibly curious and active creatures that require an environment that caters to their physical and mental needs. Think of their habitat as a mini jungle, filled with opportunities for climbing, playing, and exploring-activities that reflect their natural behaviors.
To start, your monkey’s living space should be safe and spacious, whether you’re choosing a large indoor cage or an outdoor enclosure. Ensure the enclosure has secure bars or walls, as monkeys are adept escape artists. A good rule of thumb is to provide a space that allows your monkey to climb and swing-adding shelves, ropes, and branches mimics their natural habitat and encourages healthy movement. Providing varied heights within their environment creates a more enriching experience, as it allows for different levels of exploration and comfort zones.
Equally important is incorporating plenty of engaging toys and enrichment items. Monkeys thrive on mental stimulation, so consider including a variety of interactive toys, such as ropes, puzzles, and foraging opportunities. Foraging can be done by hiding food within the enclosure, encouraging your monkey to use problem-solving skills to find its meals. Adding elements such as tunnels or small boxes will also enhance exploration and play. Rotating toys periodically keeps their environment fresh and exciting, preventing boredom.
Environmental Enrichment
Creating a habitat goes beyond just toys; it involves enriching their environment with various sensory experiences. Here are some ideas to enhance their habitat:
- Natural Elements: Include branches, logs, and safe plants to mimic their natural surroundings. Ensure that all materials used are non-toxic.
- Water Features: If space allows, a small shallow pool or water fountain can encourage fun and play, promoting healthy interactions with their environment.
- Climbing Structures: Use ropes, hammocks, and ladders to create vertical space for climbing and hanging, crucial for their physical exercise.
- Lighting: Natural light is best, so place the habitat where it receives plenty of sunlight. Consider a UV light source if natural sunlight is limited, as it’s essential for their skin health.
Always make sure your monkey can escape potential dangers and has a cozy, secure area to retreat to when it feels overwhelmed. By investing the time to set up a safe, enriching habitat, you’re providing your monkey with the foundation for a fulfilling and healthy life. This attention to detail in their living environment not only satisfies their physical needs but also nurtures their emotional well-being, leading to a rewarding relationship between you and your primate companion.
Nutrition and Diet Requirements for Pet Monkeys
To keep a pet monkey healthy and happy, understanding its nutritional needs is crucial. Monkeys are omnivores, meaning their diet consists of a variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and occasionally insects or small amounts of animal protein. A well-balanced diet mimics what they would naturally consume in the wild, ensuring they get all the necessary vitamins and nutrients for their overall well-being.
Choosing high-quality, fresh foods is essential. Fruits like bananas, apples, and berries can be great treats, while leafy greens and root vegetables provide necessary fiber and vitamins. Nuts and seeds are excellent sources of healthy fats but should be given in moderation due to their calorie density. Here’s a nutritional breakdown that can help you plan your monkey’s meals:
Basic Diet Composition
| Food Group | Examples | Recommended Portions |
|---|---|---|
| Fruits | Apples, Bananas, Blueberries | 1-2 servings daily |
| Vegetables | Carrots, Spinach, Sweet Potatoes | 1-2 servings daily |
| Nuts & Seeds | Almonds, Sunflower Seeds | 2-3 handfuls weekly |
| Protein | Yogurt, Hard-boiled Eggs, Insects | Occasional treats |
Be aware that some foods are toxic to monkeys, such as chocolate, avocados, and caffeine. It’s essential to research which foods are safe to include in their diet to avoid health problems. Additionally, providing fresh water daily is vital for hydration, especially if your monkey engages in a lot of physical activity.
Monitoring your monkey’s health through its diet can also help you catch potential issues early. A healthy monkey will have bright eyes, a shiny coat, and exhibit an energetic demeanor. Always consult with a veterinarian who specializes in exotic animals to tailor the diet and make adjustments based on your monkey’s specific needs.
Ultimately, maintaining a balanced diet not only promotes physical health but also contributes to your monkey’s happiness and longevity. As caregivers, it’s our responsibility to ensure they receive the best nutrition to thrive in a captive environment.
Health Care: Regular Check-Ups and Vaccinations
To ensure your pet monkey thrives, regular veterinary check-ups and vaccinations are essential. Just like any family member, monkeys are susceptible to health issues that can be prevented or managed with proper care. Think of your monkey’s health as a continuous journey rather than a one-time fix. Regular visits to an exotic animal veterinarian will help you keep track of your monkey’s health status and catch any potential problems early.
During these check-ups, the vet will typically conduct a thorough physical examination, assessing your monkey’s weight, skin condition, dental health, and overall behavior. Vaccinations are critical as they protect against diseases that could be life-threatening. Some common vaccinations recommended for pet monkeys include those for simian herpesvirus, measles, and tuberculosis. Your veterinarian can provide a tailored vaccination schedule based on your monkey’s age, health status, and local environmental risks.
Vaccination Schedule Example
| Vaccine | Recommended Age | Frequency |
|---|---|---|
| Simian Herpesvirus | 3 months | Every 1-2 years |
| Measles | 6-12 months | Every 3 years |
| Tuberculosis | 1 year | Annual |
Monitoring your monkey’s health also involves being vigilant about any changes in behavior or physical appearance. If your monkey seems lethargic, is not eating well, or shows signs of illness (like sneezing or coughing), don’t hesitate to contact your veterinarian. Early intervention can drastically improve outcomes.
Establishing a good relationship with a vet who specializes in exotic animals can also provide you with invaluable support and advice tailored specifically to your monkey’s species and unique needs. They can guide you not only on medical care but also on nutrition, habitat maintenance, and behavioral health, making your journey as a monkey parent easier and more enjoyable.
Training Your Monkey: Tips and Techniques
Training a pet monkey can be both a delightful and challenging experience, as these intelligent creatures thrive on mental stimulation and social interaction. Understanding that monkeys are highly social animals with complex behaviors is key to effective training. Engaging them with positive reinforcement techniques not only fosters a good relationship but also encourages desirable behaviors.
Start by establishing a routine. Monkeys, much like children, benefit from consistency. A structured daily schedule can help them understand what to expect throughout the day, which can reduce anxiety and promote a sense of security. Incorporate training sessions into this routine-short, frequent sessions are often more effective than long marathons. Aim for 5 to 10 minutes of focused training at a time, and remember to rotate through various skills to keep their interest piqued.
Positive Reinforcement Techniques
- Rewards: Use treats that your monkey enjoys, like small pieces of fruit or nuts, to reinforce positive behavior. The key is to reward them immediately after they exhibit the desired behavior.
- Clicker Training: A clicker can serve as a distinct sound that signals to your monkey they’ve done something right. This helps improve their learning efficiency.
- Patience is Essential: Monkeys can be stubborn at times. If your pet isn’t catching on immediately, stay patient and avoid punishment, as this can lead to fear and mistrust.
Monkeys excel in learning tricks and tasks that provide mental stimulation. Simple commands like “sit,” “come,” or even more complex ones like “high five” can be taught through repetition combined with rewards. Additionally, consider incorporating play into training. Using toys like puzzle feeders can provide both physical activity and mental challenges, keeping your monkey engaged and active.
As you train, also pay attention to social behaviors. Monkeys are not just looking for treats; they crave social interaction and approval. Engaging with them during training can build trust and reinforce your bond. Finally, remember that each monkey has a unique personality. Take the time to understand your pet’s preferences and adapt your training techniques accordingly, ensuring a rewarding experience for both of you.
Common Challenges in Monkey Ownership
Caring for a pet monkey might seem like an exciting venture, but it’s not without its hurdles. These social and intelligent creatures are not just cute companions; they require extensive care, attention, and understanding of their complex behaviors. One of the most significant challenges is the time commitment involved. Monkeys thrive on social interaction and mental stimulation, meaning they require daily activities, playtime, and training to remain happy and healthy. Neglecting their social needs can lead to behavioral issues such as aggression or depression, which can be distressing for both the pet and the owner.
Another challenge is their dietary needs and potential for health issues. Unlike more traditional pets, monkeys have specific nutritional requirements that can be difficult to meet. A poor diet can lead to health problems, including obesity and dental issues. Owners must invest time in learning about proper monkey nutrition and be mindful of what foods to provide. Regular veterinary check-ups are also crucial, as monkeys can suffer from a range of health problems that may not be immediately apparent.
Additionally, managing a monkey’s natural instincts can pose a challenge. Monkeys are curious and can quickly get into trouble if left unsupervised. They have an innate tendency to climb and explore, which can lead to accidents if the environment is not appropriately secured. It’s essential to create a safe habitat that allows for exploration while minimizing risks. This might include monkey-proofing your home, providing suitable toys, and ensuring that your monkey has appropriate outlets for its energy.
Finally, it’s important to recognize that monkey ownership can be a long-term commitment, often spanning 20 years or more. As they grow, their needs may change, requiring owners to adjust their care strategies accordingly. This commitment can become overwhelming, prompting some owners to consider alternatives to ownership, such as supporting sanctuaries or adopting less demanding pets that can still bring joy without the complexities of monkey care. Striking a balance between love for these exotic animals and the reality of providing for their complex requirements is key to a successful pet monkey experience.
Alternatives to Owning a Pet Monkey
Caring for monkeys as pets can be a complex and demanding journey, which leads many potential owners to seek alternatives to direct ownership. One increasingly popular option is to support local wildlife sanctuaries and rehabilitation centers. These organizations provide safe havens for monkeys that have been rescued from illegal pet trade or neglect. By donating or volunteering, you can contribute to the welfare of these animals without the long-term commitment of ownership. Many sanctuaries even offer opportunities for educational tours, allowing you to learn about these fascinating creatures in a responsible way.
Another option is to consider adopting less demanding pets that share some traits with monkeys, such as playful and social nature. Small mammals like ferrets, guinea pigs, or certain breeds of dogs can provide companionship and entertainment without the complex needs associated with monkey ownership. For instance, ferrets are notoriously playful and curious, often engaging in behaviors that mimic some monkey antics. They form strong bonds with their owners and require far less specialized care, making them a great choice for those craving a furry friend.
If you’re captivated by primates but not ready to take on the responsibilities of ownership, you might also explore primate-themed experiences such as behind-the-scenes tours at zoos or wildlife parks. Many institutions offer programs that allow you to observe and engage with primates under the supervision of professionals. These experiences often include educational components about their care, behavior, and the conservation challenges they face. Engaging with these animals in a respectful and educational environment can satisfy your curiosity without the complications of private ownership.
Considering these alternatives not only enhances your appreciation for wild animals but also supports efforts to protect their natural habitats and wellbeing. Whether through volunteer work, pet adoption, or educational experiences, you can enjoy the joy that comes from interacting with animals while making responsible choices that benefit both you and the creatures you admire.
Where to Find a Pet Monkey: Ethical Sources
Finding a pet monkey is an exciting venture, but it requires careful consideration-especially regarding ethical sourcing. With increasing awareness of conservation and animal welfare, prospective owners are encouraged to adopt from responsible avenues that support not only the animals but their ecosystems as well.
One of the best ways to ensure that you are sourcing a monkey ethically is by seeking out legitimate breeders or sanctuaries that prioritize animal welfare. Look for organizations that are accredited by recognized animal welfare associations. For example, a sanctuary that rescues monkeys from illegal trades or abusive situations will typically provide a more humane living condition and may even offer adoption programs for those looking to welcome a monkey into their lives. These facilities often have knowledgeable staff who can provide extensive information on the species, care requirements, and behavioral traits, ensuring you are well-informed before making the commitment.
Additionally, you may consider adopting from reputable breeders who adhere to ethical breeding practices. Responsible breeders will not only provide health guarantees and proper documentation but will also support the conservation of species by not taking animals from the wild. When visiting a breeding facility, observe the conditions where the monkeys are kept-ethical breeders should maintain clean, spacious habitats that allow the monkeys to thrive. Always ask to see the mother of the monkey you’re considering-the condition of the parent animal can provide insight into the breeding practices used.
Lastly, be wary of online classifieds or pet stores where monkeys are often sold. These sources may not comply with regulations meant to protect animal welfare and could involve animals that were captured from the wild or raised in unsuitable environments. By choosing to work with ethical sources, you not only secure a better future for your new pet but also contribute to broader conservation efforts, helping to conserve these remarkable animals and their habitats for generations to come.
Building a Support Network for Monkey Owners
When considering adding a monkey to your home, building a supportive community around you is essential. Monkeys are not just pets; they are complex, social creatures with specific needs and behaviors that often require a level of expertise and understanding. Connecting with other monkey owners can provide invaluable insight and support, helping you navigate the challenges and joys of pet monkey ownership.
Start by joining online forums and social media groups dedicated to monkey owners. These platforms offer a space where you can share experiences, ask questions, and learn from others who are facing similar challenges or celebrating milestones with their monkeys. Some popular forums include Facebook groups and specialized websites where enthusiasts gather to discuss care tips, behavioral issues, and training techniques. Being part of such communities can also alert you to upcoming workshops or educational events in your area, which can further enhance your knowledge and skills.
In addition to virtual communities, consider seeking out local clubs or associations focused on exotic pet ownership, particularly those that include monkeys. These groups often host meetings, educational sessions, and social gatherings where you can meet fellow monkey enthusiasts. Sharing experiences in person can foster deeper connections, allowing you to create friendships and find mentors who can offer guidance as you embark on this journey.
Don’t underestimate the value of consulting with veterinarians who specialize in exotic animals. These professionals can be crucial allies in your support network. Not only can they provide health check-ups and vaccinations, but they can also offer advice tailored to your monkey’s specific needs, including behavioral assessments and dietary suggestions. Building a relationship with a vet who understands monkey-specific care can help ensure that you and your pet thrive together.
Finally, consider establishing connections with local sanctuaries and rescue organizations. These institutions not only provide rescue services but often engage in educational outreach. They can offer resources, workshops, and volunteer opportunities, all of which can deepen your understanding of monkey care while contributing positively to the conservation and welfare of these fascinating creatures.
By fostering a strong support network, you can ensure a more fulfilling and informed experience as a monkey owner, paving the way for a harmonious relationship with your new companion.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: What should I consider before getting a pet monkey?
A: Before getting a pet monkey, consider their long lifespan, complex social needs, and the potential for behavioral issues. Research the specific species you are interested in, as each has its own care requirements. Ensure you are fully prepared for the commitment and responsibilities involved in monkey ownership.
Q: How much does it cost to keep a pet monkey?
A: The cost of keeping a pet monkey can vary greatly, typically ranging from several thousand dollars for the initial purchase to thousands more annually for food, habitat setup, veterinary care, and other essentials. It’s important to budget carefully for both initial and ongoing expenses.
Q: Are there specific dietary needs for pet monkeys?
A: Yes, pet monkeys require a balanced diet that includes fresh fruits, vegetables, and a quality monkey pellet. It’s crucial to understand the dietary requirements specific to your monkey’s species to avoid health issues. Regular consultation with a veterinarian experienced with primates is advisable.
Q: Can I train my pet monkey like a dog?
A: While you can train pet monkeys, training is different from that of dogs. Monkeys are highly intelligent but can be stubborn and require different techniques, emphasizing positive reinforcement. Consistent social interaction and structured training sessions will help in nurturing good behavior.
Q: What legal requirements are there for owning a pet monkey?
A: Legal requirements for owning a pet monkey include licensing and regulations that vary by state or country. Always check local laws to ensure compliance and consider the potential need for special permits or zoning permissions before acquiring a pet monkey.
Q: How can I create an enriching environment for my pet monkey?
A: To create an enriching environment, provide various activities such as climbing structures, toys, and interaction opportunities. Ensure the habitat mimics their natural environment, with areas for exploration and socialization. Regularly rotate toys and activities to keep them mentally stimulated.
Q: What are the common health issues in pet monkeys?
A: Common health issues in pet monkeys include dental problems, obesity, and infectious diseases. Regular veterinary check-ups are essential for early detection and treatment. Maintain a healthy diet and provide appropriate enrichment to help mitigate health risks.
Q: Where can I adopt a pet monkey ethically?
A: You can adopt a pet monkey ethically through licensed breeders or rescue organizations that prioritize the welfare of the animal. Ensure they comply with local regulations and provide proper care. Research thoroughly to find reputable sources that treat animals humanely.
Insights and Conclusions
As you embark on your journey to welcome a pet monkey into your life, remember that knowledge is key to ensuring a happy and healthy environment for both you and your new companion. We’ve covered essential steps, from understanding their unique care needs to navigating legal requirements. Don’t hesitate to dive deeper-check out our detailed guides on monkey habitats and behavioral enrichment for additional insights!
Take action now to ensure you’re fully prepared-consult your local regulations, connect with experienced pet owners, or sign up for our newsletter for expert tips and resources delivered straight to your inbox. If you have questions or experiences to share, we’d love to hear from you in the comments below. Your adventure in pet ownership is just beginning, and we’re here to support you every step of the way! Explore more and make informed choices that respect both your interests and the well-being of these incredible animals.
